Multiple Intelligences Theory posits that there are seven ways people understand in the world, described by Gardner as seven intelligences.
Contributors
- Howard Gardner (1943-)
Key Concepts
Developed by Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner in 1983 and subsequently refined, this theory states there are at least seven ways (“intelligences”) that people understand and perceive the world[1][2]. These intelligences may not be exhaustive. Gardner lists the following:
Linguistic
The ability to use spoken or written words.
Logical-Mathematical
Inductive and deductive thinking and reasoning abilities, logic, as well as the use of numbers and abstract pattern recognition.
Visual-Spatial
The ability to mentally visualize objects and spatial dimensions.
Body-Kinesthetic
The wisdom of the body and the ability to control physical motion.
Musical-Rhythmic
The ability to master music as well as rhythms, tones and beats.
Interpersonal
The ability to communicate effectively with other people and to be able to develop relationships.
Intrapersonal
The ability to understand one’s own emotions, motivations, inner states of being, and self-reflection.
Implications for Classrooms
The verbal-linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligences are the ones most frequently used in traditional school curricula[3]. A more balanced curriculum that incorporates the arts, self-awareness, communication, and physical education may be useful in order to leverage the intelligences that some students may have.
Criticism
This theory, while widely popular over the last two decades, has its share of critics. Some argue that Gardner’s theory is based too much on his own intuition rather than empirical data. Others feel that the intelligences are synonymous for personality types.
Additional Resources and References
Resources
- Multiple Intelligences: New Horizons in Theory and Practice: Howard Gardner’s up-to-date edition that covers research and new developments since Gardner’s original publication.
- Multiple Intelligences in the Classroom: A practical, well-written book. Thomas Armstrong provides countless examples of how to use each intelligence and how to assess them in the classroom. Ideas for M.I. portfolios and application for special education is also included. Well organized and thoughtful.
References
- Gardner, H. (2011). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. Basic books.
- Gardner, H. (2006). Multiple intelligences: New horizons. Basic books.
- Armstrong, T. (2009). Multiple intelligences in the classroom. Ascd.
